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Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the digestive system—from the mouth to the anus—but most commonly targets the small intestine and the beginning of the colon
For children and adolescents, Crohn’s may also interfere with normal growth and puberty
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is part of a group of conditions known as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). It can affect any part of the digestive system—from the mouth to the anus—but most commonly targets the small intestine and the beginning of the colon. Though the exact cause is not fully understood, Crohn’s is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, immune system dysfunction, and environmental triggers. Dr. Amit Saraf, Director, Department of Internal Medicine at Jupiter Hospital, Thane, shares all you need to know:
The symptoms of Crohn’s disease can vary widely from person to person and often develop gradually. Common signs include persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, unintended weight loss, fatigue, and reduced appetite. In some cases, individuals may experience blood in their stool or a low-grade fever. For children and adolescents, Crohn’s may also interfere with normal growth and puberty. Because the disease can go through cycles of flare-ups and remission, many people live with mild symptoms for years before seeking medical help, which can delay diagnosis and treatment.
Several risk factors are associated with an increased likelihood of developing Crohn’s. Genetics play a significant role—those with a family history of IBD are at greater risk. A key biological factor is an abnormal immune response, where the body mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in the GI tract. Crohn’s disease most often appears before the age of 30, although it can occur at any age. Smoking is one of the few controllable risk factors and has been linked to both increased risk and severity of the condition. Additionally, people living in urban or industrialized regions appear to have higher rates of Crohn’s, possibly due to environmental or dietary influences. Some medications, such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), may also aggravate symptoms.
Beyond the physical symptoms, Crohn’s disease presents several lesser-known insights. It is not just a gut disorder—it can affect the eyes, skin, joints, and liver, emphasizing its systemic nature. Contrary to popular belief, stress is not a cause of Crohn’s, though it can exacerbate symptoms. Because its symptoms overlap with other digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), misdiagnosis is common. Additionally, flare-up triggers can vary dramatically between individuals, ranging from certain foods to infections or even emotional stress.
Although there is no cure for Crohn’s disease, it is manageable. Treatments include anti-inflammatory drugs, immune system modulators, biologic therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. A well-rounded approach—including medication, dietary adjustments, and mental health support—can help patients lead healthy and active lives. Early diagnosis and intervention remain key to improving long-term outcomes.
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